Global Distribution of Food Products Free Essays

string(99) of the product and as a result of which the total of dismissed or waste stocks can be reduced. Question 2 The creation, ingestion and conveyance of supplement stocks comprehensively has been an issue with incredible significance. In spite of the fact that sufficient supplement is delivered worldwide to take care of the considerable number of individuals known to mankind, around 1 billion individuals experience the ill effects of incessant yearning in the current universe. One significant factor for this issue is viewed as hapless supplement conveyance. We will compose a custom article test on Worldwide Distribution of Food Products or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now It is essentially viewed as that supplement circulation is on a very basic level arranging the association between supplement makers and suppliers with buyers ; yet it is other than all of import to put the portion of supplement internationally. A portion of the difficulties with supplement dispersion is to put how the supplement ought to be conveyed internationally, who has the approval to determine the dissemination and what plans and strategies to be utilized for circulation. The conventional strategy for supplement conveyance is straight offering supplement and supplement stocks directly to the buyers. Nonetheless, because of grouped wasteful aspects, most much of the time supplement stocks are moved to a cardinal area from where the supplement is so conveyed to arranged other humble communities and metropoliss. As referenced before, arranged elements influence the execution of a hearty supplement conveyance framework. The insufficiency of or powerlessness for the buyers to hold dish to business sectors or other than the failure of buyers to bear the cost of the expense of supplement is considered as another central point for inappropriate supplement dissemination. The lack of business sectors, inconsistent way of travel handiness and the powerlessness to manage the cost of the expense of supplement creation and ingestion are other essential components. In the present supplement dissemination framework, the figure of business sectors and the capacity to dish these business sectors are restricted. Around 16 % of the provincial populace of the states do non hold the accommodation to course showcases, doing the husbandmans to sell their gather. Truth be told simply 40 % of all the reap is promoted and one tierce of husbandmans only offer their collect to the business sectors. Transportation has a colossal effect in supplement circulation framework in creating states. Access to top notch course or railways are restricted and this makes hold and wastefulness in shipping products to the cardinal market. A portion of the travel ways are costly and requires constant consideration. Certain parts in country Africa, South Asia and South East Asia have not well built and looked after streets, which in some cases makes a boundary to course certain rustic unassuming communities and towns, making hold in travel of merchandise to those parts. Other than the kind of travel differs from part to part. In this manner it is extremely of import to think of arrangements by basically investigating the geographics of the part, their handiness to assets and the understanding the nearby level of the part. Another significant downside is that supplement stocks are spoilables and their ingestion cut is constrained ; which prompts a clump of supplement stocks being squandered comprehensively. A cluster of waste other than happens during post-collect and during travel. Food stocks are influenced by bacteriums, Fungis and creepy crawlies, rendering the supplement uneatable and debased for utilization doing around 25-50 % of supplement stocks being squandered. At the point when a piece of supplement stocks gets squandered, it makes shortage, which straight effects the money related estimations of the supplement stock. Despite the fact that fiscal worth expansion influences the purchasers, there is no modification in the money related an incentive for the husbandmans when they sell their reap. This unsteadiness influences the salary of the makers expanding the chances of poverty and yearning rates. The useful way to cover with this activity is to tolerably hive away and pull off the suppleme nt delivered. Legitimate capacity techniques will expand the life of supplement stocks ingestion period. The financial insecurity, where the customers need to pay greater expense for the supplement and husbandmans non obtaining an ascent in their pay, makes it excessively expensive for the individuals to buy supplement in the business sectors. Numerous multiple times, husbandmans are non even ready to take care of their investings. We have referenced the different reason for hapless supplement dispersion framework. Presenting an Industrial and Systems Engineering techniques and position can help obviously dissect the various main drivers and can help with executing a strong supplement gracefully link framework pull offing a legitimate supplement conveyance coordinations. By executing a Systems Engineering assault, it would help to build up an effective strategic framework, where â€Å"markets would get full reactivity, excellent stocks and high constancy of gracefully in little clasp Windowss at the most minimal cost.† ( Vlajic, 2011 ) . It would smother non-esteem including work and teach slender idea into its assault. The assault towards building up a supplement flexibly link is mainly engaged around stock quality and the interest for ecological manageability. The nature of supplement inside the web ought to be controlled and ensured so as to keep the ironss open introduction. Item quality other than i ncludes properties like security and solidarity of the supplement. In an article by Tromp and Van der Vorst, they examine â€Å"in the setting of supplement flexibly chains the maintainability treatment centers around the diminishing of product squander, for example stocks that must be lost in light of the fact that the quality is non fit any more, figure of detail mis a product has gone before it comes to the consumers’ command post ( supposed ‘food miles’ ) , and all nursery gas spreads identified with the worry forms in the gracefully connection web ( purported ‘carbon footprint’ ) .† ( Tromp and Van der Varst, 2008 ) . Consequently while building up a supplement flexibly link, one ought to non just focus on bettering the coordinations open introduction however close to in supplement quality sparing and ecological supportability. Food stocks are by enormous influenced by natural conditions. Factors, for example, stickiness, temperature and nearness of pollutions influence the supplement quality and these components must be checked and controlled while bundling, replenishing and benefiting temperature controlled travel offices and distribution centers. Presenting cut temperature file ( TTI ) in examining the nature of supplement product will let to discover the level of product debilitation at any period of the supplement circulation framework. TTI permits to discover the timeframe of realistic usability of the product and in view of which the whole of dismissed or waste stocks can be decreased. You read Worldwide Distribution of Food Products in classification Paper models TTI based bearing framework advances least time span of usability principal out ( LSFO ) framework, where the stocks with nearest end day of the month are radiated to the business sectors first. A considerable lot of such techniques to chop down waste can be executed when a Systems Engineering position is brought into supplement appropriation coordi nations. It is basic to hold an incorporated assault towards coordinations, manageability and product quality while convey oning investigation on supplement gracefully connection. This would let to improve conclusions than when taking only individual feature at a clasp. A portion of the strategy and product highlights which sway the planning of supplement gracefully connection web are ; Irregularity underway which improves the chances of planetary sourcing of creation. Inconstancy in strategy yields essentially in quality and measure which is influenced by the organic vacillations of the part, irregular variables like sicknesses, temperature, conditions and other natural perils. Having diverse quality restrictions for regular stuffs, intermediates and completed stocks and quality rot when the stocks go through the flexibly connection, increasing the chances of stock-outs and product impedance when the product has spent the end day of the month as well as the nature of the product has declined. Requirement for molded capacity and travel, expanding cost of creation, travel, stockpiling and ingestion. Because of these particular highlights of supplement stocks, it is of import to hold an Industrial and Systems innovation assault to build up a proficient supplement gracefully link web. It is crucial that work takes topographic point organized appropriately and at the correct clasp. Modern applied researchers help to acquire flexibly of common stuffs in the correct volume, quality, cut and topographic point. Sort out the planning of gracefully of products and to comprehend that the stocks are exposed to quality rot as they travel through the flexibly connection, dissecting the evaluation and speed of rot affected by natural conditions. A modern applied researchers assault is basic with regards to overhauling gracefully connection plans and methodology. A portion of the capacities and highlights of a modern innovation position incorporate ; Overhauling the capacities and techniques in the flexibly link like cut bringing down the figure of gatherings included, stifling the non-esteem including exercises and pull offing stock rundown control. Lessening the lead times by executing IT frameworks for better data trade and assurance emotionally supportive network. Utilization of frameworks like RFID can let better bearing of assets and get creation flexibleness. Straightforwardness of data is basic between the various suppliers, stock rundown and work in technique stocks and to normalize the cryptography of stocks to all the more likely comprehend and smooth stream inside the gracefully con

Incomplete Creon Tragic Hero

Allen Yun Ms. Chen English 1 Honors 16 April 2013 Oedipus Rex and Antigone Essay Prompt What might occur if one somehow happened to observe a well off, ground-breaking pioneer who could want in vain more in his life? Sounds like everything a man could dream of, correct? Imagine a scenario where this powerful pioneer had blemishes that carried him to submit a grave error that drove him to a street of hopelessness. How might that equivalent observer feel towards him now? In Sophocles’ Greek catastrophe, Antigone, the foe, King Creon, experiences this accurate scenario.Another word for a character that encounters the accompanying occasions is known as a shocking saint. Creon is the heartbreaking saint of this play in light of his blemish of hubris, his hamartia, and in view of his quick progress from being an incredible ruler to a hopeless lord that ought to be felt sorry for. The single attribute of hubris is one of the fundamental reasons that make Creon a sad saint. This is fi rst communicated when Creon’s pride will not demonstrate leniency to Antigone regardless of whether they are related.He says, â€Å"This young lady is liable of twofold disrespect, overstepping the given laws and bragging it. Who is the man here, she or I, if this wrongdoing goes unpunished? † (Sophocles 209). One would state Creon’s self-important pride will persevere relentlessly so as to acquire the power he urgently needs to manage by. Creon is undoubtedly the kind of individual to consistently accept his activities are simply and is higher than some other due to his pride. Hubris is additionally communicated when Creon endeavors to repudiate Teiresias, who was accepted to be the sharpest man of his time.Creon tells Teiresias, â€Å"Teiresias, it is a sorry thing when a shrewd man sells his intelligence, lets out his words for employ! † (232). This is proof to demonstrate that Creon’s pride has blinded himself as a result of his ludicrous endea vor to go repudiate a man who has never been off-base. This occasion additionally implies Creon welcoming fiasco to happen when he continues declining to accept what Teiresias asserted. Hence, hubris was one of the fundamental reasons that made Creon the heartbreaking saint of the play. Creon giving his decree, which is his hamartia, was the sole motivation behind why this opening quandary occurred. It was a result of his hamartia that made Creon the grievous saint too. Creon’s hamartia is demonstrated when Antigone discloses to Creon the proper thing that he ought to have done. She states, â€Å"Nevertheless, there are praises due all the dead. † (211). The fight between the two principle characters shows that Creon realized that his order negates awesome will and Theban conventions of subterranean internments all things considered. Creon’s reaction to Antigone’s explanation additionally shows that he continues upholding the declaration, which places him in a crash course with the divine beings.

Distilling 32-Year-Old Rum in 6 Days (with MeisterTask Zapier) - Focus

Distilling 32-Year-Old Rum in 6 Days (with MeisterTask Zapier) - Focus The California-based distillery, Lost Spirits, first made waves in 2014 when they successfully created a Demerara rum with the exact chemical signature of a 32-year-old rum, but in just 6 days.   Former art teacher Bryan Davis and partner Joanne Haruta  had achieved something that alcohol producers had been trying to crack since the industry first emerged. Theyd managed to create a rum that tasted like it had been maturing in a barrel for decades, but in under a week. Now, having expanded to establish the Silicon Valley-based RD firm  Lost Spirits Technology, the team have come a long way.  Aware of their colossal achievements and in partnership with Zapier, we heard a little more from Lost Spirits about their success story. The team shared how MeisterTask and Zapier have helped them to fine-tune their workflows in their technologically astounding distillery and business. Achieving the Impossible For Lost Spirits, their Demerara rum success was just the beginning. The data from the rum was vetted by the UC Davis chemistry faculty and the story was shared widely by WIRED Magazine. Breaking down  the near-magical process of their aging reactor, THEA, and its revolutionary effect on the traditional alcohol industry, WIRED shared: “Davis doesn’t accelerate the aging process like so many of the methods that have been tried in the past Davis’s device forces the creation of the same key chemical compounds that give a well-aged spirit its unique character. The transformative effect Davis’s technique could have on the spirits industry cannot be overstated; not only from a production standpoint, but also in the challenge it presents to long-held attitudes about the craft of distilling.” A post shared by Joanne H. (@lostspiritsdistillery) on Sep 13, 2014 at 3:54pm PDT And it turns out that Lost Spirits’ produce doesn’t taste half bad either. Since launching their THEA reactor, Lost Spirits have accumulated a long list of critically-acclaimed awards and recently celebrated acquiring two key patents, governing their revolutionary maturation process. Not bad for a pair with no background in biochemistry, who built their first distillery from the ground up. In 2015, Bryan announced that Lost Spirits would begin licensing their infamous aging reactor to other craft distilleries. This decision led to partnerships with other spirit enthusiasts, including Théron Regnier and Wynn Sanders. It also led to the establishment of their Los Angeles distillery, which, from Cocktail Wonk’s description, sounds like something out of Willy Wonka, only for booze. A post shared by Joanne H. (@lostspiritsdistillery) on Jun 15, 2017 at 7:16pm PDT Keeping the Distillery Moving with MeisterTask and Google Calendar Lost Spirits’ complex rum production takes up approximately 800 square feet of their L.A. distillery. Team member Théron Regnier shared  how they keep everything in their intricate distillery moving, and the team  updated, using MeisterTask with Zapier. Using the MeisterTask to Google Calendar Zap, all team members can take a quick glance at the team Google Calendar to see whats coming up for them and their team. This Zap helps us track tasks on Google Calendar, which gives us the ability to intuitively communicate to the rest of the team whenever something changes in our workflow, Reginer says. With the distillery relying on evolving technology, workflows often change. As a result, the team uses Zapiers  Formatter tool  to efficiently communicate these updates to their team. With the  Formatter tool, the team is able to take a completed task, extract part of its name and create a new task with similar but updated content, in one step. The updated workflow is reflected in the new task and automatically added to the team calendar, keeping the team in the loop with all workflow updates. We’ll certainly be keeping an eye out for the many exciting things to come from the Lost Spirits team. In our minds, and according to the latest  article in WIRED, this is only the beginning for Lost Spirits and their revolutionary business. For more information on Lost Spirits and to find out how to organize a tour of their Los Angeles distillery, visit lostspirits.net For all the ways your team could be using Zaps to automate your workflows, check out the MeisterTask Zapbook. Discover your automated workflow. Sign up for MeisterTask Its free! Sign up for MeisterTask

Getting my Masters of Social Work Degree - 763 Words

I have been working as a social worker for the past three years. In all these years, it has always been my desire and passion to acquire enhanced social skills and knowledge to help me empower disadvantaged individuals and families take control of their lives. My desire therefore to pursue a Masters of Social Work degree (MSW) has been inspired by over three years of continuous work with families, children, youths and adults who require support to cope and combat oppressive structures and social injustices. It has therefore been my dream to pursue MSW program which I believe is the only program that can help me to accomplish my goal. Since childhood, my parents, teachers and pastors, have often taught me to be considerate of†¦show more content†¦My role as a human relations agent at the Inuulitsivik Health Center in Nunavik, is the second reason why I believe Victoria’s MSW program will be a good fit for me. I discovered from the Inuit population in Nunavik that the system has oppressed them for so many years but little is being to address their needs and aspirations. My current role as a child welfare practitioner is third reason why I am applying for the Victoria’s MSW program. I believe the school’s educational mission will further help me in working with individuals and families from a critical point perspective by focusing on the structural, feminist, and Indigenous levels of oppression. I am aware of my power as a child welfare worker and how I sometimes create a dominate relationship to a family with child protection concerns. Thus, I believe that the university’s MSW educational mission combined with their scholarly mission to sharing and creating knowledge from a critical view could help me to improve and integrate more anti-oppressive practices as a parent child capacity building practitioner. Over my period of volunteer experience and professional work, I have taken special interests in children and families because conflicts in the home have steadily increased over the years. My area of interest I will critically explore therefore during my graduate education is, â€Å"Aboriginal Parents and Child Protection Concerns†. According to an article on Canada.com,Show MoreRelatedPersonal Goals : My Professional Goals1159 Words   |  5 Pages1. A summary of my professional personal goals as well as your motivation for pursuing a degree: My professional goals were never clear until this last year when I started my job with Marion Construction Company as an office manager. I truly feel I have found a career path that I was meant to be in and I want to be the best at it and that is why I feel that getting my masters is so important. 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I will be doing this by presenting my experience and relationships that have influenced my selection of the social work career, my understanding of the responsibilities of the profession, my role and responsibilities that I assume in the profession, my reasons for selecting the program and thoughts, and thoughts on how the mission statement addresses my career goals. Read MoreThe Clinical And Medical Research1143 Words   |  5 Pagesis the difference between MD, PhD, Psy D, Ed. D, MA, MSE? The MD degree is a doctorate awarded to clinicians who have undertaken an extended period of scientific and medical research. It provides an opportunity for doctors to receive recognition of research achievement within an approved academic program. The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the granddaddy of all graduate level degrees - the highest and most prestigious degree the world over. PhDs in Psychology are offered in a variety of Read MorePersonal Statement : The Financial Manager855 Words   |  4 Pageswas when I received a task as the â€Å"financial manager† of my siblings at the age of ten that I became interested in the power of money. As the eldest child of the family, I was put in charge of managing my siblings’ monthly allowance, giving them the amount they need every week and save the rest for later. This act of my parents does not only taught me money managing, but also brought me enthusiasm towards monetary issues, making accounting my greatest passion since then. Over time it became clear toRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Social Work Practice And Educational Need1322 Words   |  6 Pagesrelation to social work practice and educational need. One of my strongest strengths as a social worker is patience. It helps me to persevere enthusiastically towards conquering goals and objectives when assisting my clients. Patience keeps alive the objective in mind to meet. Physical or psy chological exhaustion only reaffirms the importance of patience. For that reason, it’s important to be patience with what we start out with the aim of clients’ benefit. An additional strength as a social workerRead MoreMy Personal Statement For College Students920 Words   |  4 Pageschild, I remember the sweet words of my elementary teacher, Ms. Amy, â€Å"Karen, as you go through different life stages, you will discover different interests in your life†. Now that I am an adult, I agree with her because every day in my life, I experience something new and worth it. Not starting college right after high school gave me the opportunity to discover a career that I never thought about it. I always thought that I will enjoy being an accountant because my favorite subject is math, but afterRead MoreA Career as a Political Scientist Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pages The career that I decided to do my research on is a Political Scientist. I chose this career because it’s something I would want to do for the rest of my life. Politics has a great role in American society. As a political scientist you make the people’s voices heard and h elp up hold the foundations of democracy; whether that is as an elected official, or as an analyst helping senators make key decisions on a bill about to pass in their state, Political scientists make a difference. History Read MoreA Research Study On School Psychology1258 Words   |  6 Pageseducation leads to the creation of an effective school. School psychologists are a key position to have in a powerful school. They are found in most K-12 public schools and work with students, teachers, families, and other professionals to help improve the wellbeing of the school. Improving the school does not mean just getting better test scores, but helping with mental and behavioral health as well as building on school and family relationships. All students, at some point will hit a sang and aRead MoreInterview Summary : Kate Soderberg Essay1125 Words   |  5 Pages1983 and later earned her Associate of Arts degree. She then went to a community college in California and further transferred to a state university in the same area. She admitted that she received education all over the place however gained a lot from the experience. She learnt how to make a living independently. In the state university, she first fell in love with psychology but there was a heavy workload. The academic advisor talked her into social work, in the field of which she has been working

Using The Qualtrics Survey System Essay - 1533 Words

There was a total of 236 participants in this survey, 173 of them being female (as shown in Table 1). The survey was distributed through various social media outlets, including: Facebook, Group Me, Twitter, email, and other online sites. The survey was intended for University of Pittsburgh undergraduate students, but due to being posted on social media, there is a possibility our survey was taken by students at other universities. We originally had 313 participants, but 77 were excluded due to their failure to complete the quality check question, or because they did not fully complete the survey by not giving us their year in school information. Materials and Procedure Our survey was created using the Qualtrics survey system. Participants needed access to a smart phone or computer with internet access to complete the survey. We gave the participants paragraphs about either a sociology major named James or Jane, or an engineering major named James or Jane. 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Henri Bergson Free Essays

HENRI BERGSON History of Ideas 2012 To: Sir Asad Shahzad 10/21/2012 GROUP MEMBERS: * AMMARAH MASROOR-12779 * ASFIA AZIZ-12718 * SYEDA AREEBA TARIQ-13055 SUBMITTED TO: SIR ASAD SHAHZAD DATE: 21/OCT/2012 TOPIC| PAGE| Henri Bergson – Introduction| 2| Bergson’s Intuition| 3| Intuition: Definition, Explanation, A small practice that led to Intuition| 4| Example, Sinking into Intuition, Explanation| 5| Another Example, Explanation, Intuition as Philosophical Method| 6| Intuition as Philosophical Method| 7| Bergson’s Time and Free Will| 8| TABLE OF CONTENTS: Time and Free Will: Space| 9| Time| 10| Past and Present| 11| Free Will and Determinism| 12| Bergson’s Creative Evolution| 15| Meaning of Evolution| 16| Creative Evolution: Definition, Essence of Life, Elan Vital, Book| 18| Comparison between Darwin’s Theory of Mechanical Evolution and Bergson’s Theory of Creative Evolution| 19| Critics| 22| References| 23| HENRI BERGSON: Introduction: Henri Bergson (1859–1941) was one of the most famous and influential French philosophers of the late 19th century-early 20th century. Bergson was born in Paris on October 18, 1859; he was the second of seven children of a Polish Father and English mother; both of his parents were Jewish. Bergson was a notably exceptional pupil throughout his childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Henri Bergson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like his German contemporary, Edmund Husserl, Bergson’s original training was in mathematics. Although his international fame reached cult-like heights during his lifetime, his influence decreased notably after the Second World War While such French thinkers as Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, and Levinas explicitly acknowledged his influence on their thought, it is generally agreed that it was Gilles Deleuze’s 1966  Bergsonism  that marked the reawakening of interest in Bergson’s work. Deleuze realized that Bergson’s most enduring contribution to philosophical thinking is his concept of multiplicity. Bergson’s concept of multiplicity attempts to unify in a consistent way two contradictory features: heterogeneity and continuity. Many philosophers today thinks that this concept of multiplicity, despite its difficulty, is revolutionary. It is revolutionary because it opens the way to a reconception of community. (www. plato. stanford. edu) BERGSON’S INTUITION BY: SYEDA AREEBA TARIQ HENRI BERGSON: He wrote a book ‘THE CREATIVE MIND’ in 1946. This book is an introduction to metaphysics which consist of collection of essays and lectures concerning the nature of intuition, explaining how intuition can be used as a philosophical method. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy in which the nature of being and world is taken into context. Whereas, two important questions are answered 1. what is there? And 2. what is it like? I would be explaining what intuition according to Bergson is and why it is called philosophical method. INTUITION: DEFINITION OF INTUITION: * An immediate cognition of object not inferred or determined by a previous cognition of the same object. * Untaught pure knowledge. EXPLANATION: Philosophical definition of intuition says that it is an immediate process of knowing of some object not by reasoning or analyzing the previous knowing of the same object. It is therefore, said to be pure or untaught knowledge that one acquires at an instant. ACCORDING TO BERGSON: According to Henry Bergson intuition is described as a method of ‘thinking in duration’ which reflects the continuous flow of reality. A SMALL PRACTICE THAT LED TO INTUITION: Once he was rolling and unrolling thread and said that this represent man’s sense of mortality and the continual gain of new memory; a spectrum of a thousand shades with a current of feeling running through them, collecting and retaining them, to represent how all the moments are heterogeneous. The human has tendency to build new memories and retain them. He said that human memory has stored thousand of new things different from the one formed and the one that will form every time if they go through the process of knowing. EXAMPLE: Example that he gave was of a piece of elastic which is contracted than drawn out to its limit and we can observe that there is a flow. The elastic produces a line which grows long and long presents that something is pure indivisible mobile unit. SINKING INTO INTUITION: He says that this is duration which can’t be divided. It is the qualitative not quantitative it has multiplicity yet unity and is mobile and continuously penetrating itself. He even says that duration can’t be represented by concept. One cannot experience the feeling if just a concept is there. One can’t grasp duration with concept. But duration is grasped only by intuition. By which one is transported into an object to grasp what is unique and ineffable (can’t describe in word) within it. Intuition is a complete philosophical method that involves placing oneself within the Duration, and expanding it into a continuous heterogeneity. EXAMPLE: Take an example a person has captured lots of picture of CBM from different angles and a poet has composed a poem over life here but one cannot replicate the feeling of being in CBM itself whereas the poem can never give the dimensional value of walking in CBM. EXPLANATION: Thus any concept given cannot grasp duration flow of real time but intuition can grasp duration. One can sink into the other object by having intuition an instant knowledge which is unique can’t be explained is gain by person which forms a new memory. Thus intuition is a direct perception and experience of the continuous flow of reality, without the use of any concepts the flow of time as real duration can be experienced only by intuition. ANOTHER EXAMPLE: He uses the example of an artist who makes a series of sketches of Notre Dame in Paris. â€Å"Now at the bottom of all the sketches made in Paris, the stranger will probably write ‘Paris’ by way of reminder. And as he has really seen Paris, he will be able, by descending from the original intuition of the whole, to place his sketches in it and thus arrange them in relation to one another. But there is no way of performing the opposite operation; even with an infinity of sketches as exact as you like, even with the word ‘Paris’ to indicate that they must bear close connection, it is impossible to travel back to an intuition one has not had, and gain the impression of Paris if one has never seen Paris (201). † EXPLANATION: Here he says that if an artist has sketched a model of a city which he has actually seen and drew him would have knowing of the place which he has transferred to his sketches. He is descending from original intuition in order to place his sketches in it. But if a person who has never seen Paris he cannot enjoy Paris sketches as much as the one who saw in actual would transport himself to the sketches and intuit it as an object. The person never seen Paris can never feel like walking into the place rather he would make a new intuition of his one within the duration. A person can form an immediate knowing of object different from the knowing of the same object before by actually being in duration through intuition. Why intuition is called as philosophical method-of transporting into object to grasp what is ineffable Intuition is a method through which one cast off or throws his habits of mind that tries to break duration and thus convert the duration into space. To know anything as whole it’s necessary to intuit rather breaking into bits of pieces. Experience can only come from intuition. We hear melody; we hear the whole, not a series of notes one after another. When we  analyze the melody, we may indeed break it into a number of notes, but we are then analyzing the notes, not the melody. The melody, to be known, must be grasped as a whole. In other words, it must be intuited. Thus, the method of intuition is at essence the task of metaphysics. Metaphysics is not a synthesis of knowledge, a sort of piecing together of the notes to form a melody, nor is it analysis, the breaking down of a melody into its component notes. Metaphysics is the  experience of melody. Thus concludes Bergson in his â€Å"Introduction to Metaphysics†: â€Å"Metaphysics has nothing in common with a generalization of experience, and yet it could e defined as the whole of experience (l’experience integral). † BERGSON’S TIME AND FREE WILL BY: ASFIA AZIZ TIME AND FREE WILL (1889) – HENRI BERGSON Henri Bergson in his book has explained various different ideas amongst which the most studied are of * Time and Space The Idea of Pure Duration * Free Will and Determinism I will explain each point in detail. This book has influences Sartre towards Philosophy. This book is also considered to be an anti-thesis to Immanuel Kant. Kant proposed that Freedom is something beyond the circle of time and space. Time and space is consi dered as ‘same’ to Kant i. e. being homogenous. Bergson on the contrary, differentiates time and space and gives forward the concept of duration, a state in which freedom is experienced. (www. stanford. edu) The explanations have been extracted from his book â€Å"Time and Free will- An essay on the immediate data of consciousness† SPACE: Henri Bergson defines space as being homogenous. It is the same and identical to everyone perceiving it. He says that multiplicity exists in space. Multiplicity is the psychic state of being multiple at the same time. It has a connection with the human mind and reason, because reason enables a person to understand the state of multiplicity. Bergson demonstrates two kinds of multiplicity: 1. Quantitative Multiplicity: When we count physically existing materials and we localize them in space, it is called quantitative multiplicity. No symbolic representation and mental images are formed to perceive this kind of state, because things exist physically in front of our eyes. (Key Writings, Bergson, continuum, p53) Example, when we count the number of sheep in a flock of sheep, we save images of the previous sheep in our minds as our counting progresses. These images are involuntarily fixed by us at a point in space. 2. Qualitative Multiplicity: This is the analysis of the states of consciousness being multiple when we perceive intangible materials or qualities. Here, formation of mental images and symbolic representation is important. Example, when we hear a noise of footsteps, our minds form a mental image of somebody walking and each of the successive sounds of the steps are localized in space; we count our sensations by localizing them into space and this leads to the demonstration of qualitative multiplicity. (Key Writings, Bergson, continuum p53) By defining the existence of multiplicity in space, Henri Bergson then defines space as: â€Å"Space is what enables us to distinguish a number of identical and simultaneous sensations from one another; it is thus a principle of differentiation† Some people say that simultaneous sensations are never identical. To support this point, Henri Bergson states that when we talk about homogenous medium we are talking about the simultaneity of terms which are identical in quality but are distinct from each other. Henri proposes that the higher the intelligence in a human, the more clear the understanding of homogenous space will be. Men have the special faculty of conceiving space without quality and hence we say that the medium where men localize simultaneous sensations and objects are the same for everyone. (Key Writings, Henri Bergson, continuum, pg 57) TIME: Usually many philosophers take time and space to be the same. But Henri Bergson, differentiates between time and space. For him, there are two kinds of time: * Mathematical time: Mathematical time is the time which is used in sciences by scientists. It is homogenous time which is the same for everyone. This is the time which many philosophers consider as space, as it is homogenous. (ibid, p63) Example, the time in hours, minutes and seconds used to calculate speed of a moving body is mathematical time. It can also be called the clock time. * Real Time or Real Duration: According to Bergson, real time is the time that we experience and it is continuous and flowing. It is heterogeneous as it is the qualitative representation of time that differs from person to person. It is also called the state of real duration defined by Bergson as: â€Å"Pure duration is the form which the succession of our conscious states assumes when ego lets itself live, when it refrains from separating its present state from its former states† To understand this, Bergson said that real duration is the state of mind where our ego dominates. Ego is the self of a person and directs the person’s mind to amalgamate the past states with the present states in an organic whole. In this conscious state, all states of mind permeate into one another to form it as a whole. (ibid, p60) Example, when we hear successive rings of a bell, we perceive that sound to be in a continuous rhythm and do not distinguish each ting of the bell. This amalgamation and permeation of the successive rings of bell into one organic whole is what real duration is all about. Past and Present: When Bergson speaks of the past, he does not mean the past, but our present memory of the past. Present is the only moment in the whole history of the world. Past resides in the present and that also changes the aspirations for future. This permeation of former and present states demonstrates real duration. Example, a man has a best friend and he believes him to have all good characteristics. One day, if he sees his best friend lying to him, all his perceptions about the good characteristics would change. This shows that his present will change his past and future too. This is how real duration is experienced in real life. Quotations by Henri Bergson, â€Å"The present contains nothing more than the past, and what is found in the effect was already in the cause. † â€Å"The idea of future, pregnant with infinity of possibilities, is thus more fruitful than the future itself, and this is why we find more charm in hope than in possession, in dreams than in reality† FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM: Real Duration vindicates human freedom and disposes off the path of determinism. To understand this, we must first understand these two doctrines separately. Determinism: It is a doctrine that all human choices, events and actions have sufficient causes and are pre-determined by the states of mind. For a determinist, freedom of choice is an illusion. This illusion can be presented as, that if a person has to select one branch from a lot of branches; the branch that he selects is a choice that is fully predictable because somewhere at the back of his mind he has the idea of which branch to select. www. informationphilosopher. com) In response to this example, Bergson proposed the idea of free will and said that the above choice is a choice through the formation of a mental image localized in space, which is inadequate to symbolize a choice. Choice is a temporal act for Bergson as it is pertaining to the present and conscious state of mind. Free Will: It is a doctrine that the events and actions of human beings are expressed through personal choices and are not gov erned by other forces or states of mind. Henri Bergson proposes that through experiencing real duration we can be free. The freedom of choice is fully certified by direct experience says Bergson. He describes free will as, â€Å"A man is free when his act springs spontaneously from his total personality and it has evolved up to the moment of action. If this spontaneity is absent, his action will be stereotyped† When man experiences real duration, he gains possession of himself and once self possession is attained, the man acts freely and creatively. Freedom has a strong association with personality or character of an individual. Character and personality changes from different situations which in turn changes our self. To demonstrate this idea, Bergson uses the saying of an English writer Stuart Mill: â€Å"To be conscious of free will must mean to be conscious, before I have decided, that I am able to decide either way† Bergson and other defenders of free will would be of the opinion that, when we perform an action freely, some other action is ‘equally possible’ which we leave and make a choice willingly. When a determinist says that our motives determine our action, Bergson says that motives are conflicting. He says that common sense believes in free will, and motives are not a necessity for defining our actions (Time and Free Will, Bergson, p148). To prove that motives are conflicting, Henri Bergson presents the sayings of Stuart Mill as: â€Å"I could have abstained from murder if my aversion to the crime and my dread of its consequences had been weaker than the temptation which impelled me to commit it. † In response to this Henri Bergson said, His desire to do right and his aversion to doing wrong are strong enough to overcome†¦ any other desire or aversion which may conflict them†(TFW, p150) Through this, the only idea that Bergson intends to provide is that the motives of ‘desire’ and ‘aversion’ are conflicting. But when the man decides to select one of them, it demonstrates his free will and freedom of choice. BERGSON’S CREATI VE EVOLUTION BY: AMMARAH MASROOR Let us first start with the basic definition of evolution, MEANING OF EVOLUTION: A process of formation or growth, progressive change or development in the  inherited characteristics  of  biological  populations over successive  generations† Hence the term ‘Evolution’ means that certain characteristics or genes starts transforming in a population which then results in a complete transformation of that population’s characteristics which was once inherited by the preceding populations. So it is said that the growth or development which has been taking place as the generations passed has thus completed and now it can be said that this species has evolved. This process of evolution can take place in living organisms as well as in non-living organisms. Some general examples could be the evolution of the bottle of coke or the evolution of airplanes, what we once used to see in cartoons and documentaries and what we see now in reality and in which most of us have travelled is absolutely an evolution. The best example for the evolution in living organisms is the evolution of mankind, the theory that Darwin proposed and the idea that he gave that, ‘Man is the descendant of apes’ CREATIVE EVOLUTION: Henri Bergson proposed the idea of evolution as ‘Creative Evolution’. He believed that human beings are primarily to be explained in terms of the evolutionary process and that the mechanical process of random selection is inadequate to explain what occurs. According to Bergson: â€Å"Creative evolution is a sort of inner drive which he calls as â€Å"elan vital†, translated as â€Å"life force† and this life force has a connection with the real time that carries the process of evolution perpetually onward. † In order to understand this definition of creative evolution first one needs to understand the two concepts that he highlights in here: Essence of Life: For Bergson the essence of life is duration, the real time – time that is continuously flowing through which we have direct inner experience and is connected with life itself, with the life force that is the elan vital because of which goes on the everlasting process of evolution. Elan Vital: Bergson gives an explanation to this terminology as â€Å"an original common impulse which explains the creation of all living species†. The word’s literal meanings are ‘vital force’, ’life force’ or ‘vital impulse’. A combination of both real time and life force causes the process of creative evolution to begin. BOOK – CREATIVE EVOLUTION: In order to further explain his work and concept about creative evolution Henri Bergson wrote a book in 1907 which provided an explanation against Darwin’s Theory of Mechanism. He was also awarded a Nobel Prize for this work of his. COMPARISION BETWEEN DARWIN’S THEORY OF MECHANICAL EVOLUTION AND BERGSON’S THEORY OF CREATIVE EVOLUTION: In order to understand that why Bergson’s Theory is known as Creative Evolution and Darwin’s Theory as Mechanical Evolution let us have a comparison between the two theories. This comparison includes the 4 main points of both the theories and all the points of each theory are interrelated with each other. The first and the foremost comparison between the two theories are about the approaches they follow. Bergson’s creative evolution follows the teleological approach of traditional finalism that is everything that starts comes to its natural place which ultimately makes the genuine creative creation. Now here the teleological approach comes from the word teleology which means that things should be explained by the appeal to their goal, purpose or functions. For example if you throw a rock it would go to its natural place – the ground, due to the gravitational pull that exists. Teleological whereas can be explained for the existence or presence of biological trait, structure or behavior by appeal to its function. In comparison to this Darwin’s mechanical evolution follows the mechanistic approach which precludes the possibility of any real change or creativity as the products of evolution is given in advance, in the form of pre-existent possibilities. This explains that this process deprives evolution of any inventiveness or creativity because this process is treated as pure mechanism which simply adds existence to something that already had been in the form of possible. Hence there is no difference left between the real and possible. Although both the approaches, to some extent are same because they provide us with the notion that â€Å"Whole is given†. Therefore, neither mechanism nor strict finalism can give a satisfying account of changes in life. The second comparison is about the Tendency Theory. Here Bergson talks about the â€Å"complexification† of life, that is, the phenomenon of its evolution from the simple original vital impulse into different species, individuals, and organs. Here he explains two concepts, firstly he explains that after evolution has occurred species are then differentiated into plants, animals and humans. Then he further explains that life is complex and in order to simplify itself it organizes itself into two great opposite tendencies, namely, instinct and intelligence. Here he then explains the second concept that these tendencies further provides a distinction between humans and animals, that humans have both these tendencies whereas animals only have one that is instinct. This is the reason why Bergson calls this evolution of mankind as ‘Creative Evolution’. In comparison to this Darwin speaks of the ‘Natural Selection’ – the primary mechanism of change over time which includes 4 components * Variation * Inheritance * High rate of population growth * Differential survival and reproduction This is very obvious from the four of its points that he believes that the more the specie is adaptable to change, the variance and tendency to inherit and the more it increases its population through reproduction it has more chances of evolution. The third comparison is that Bergson believes at the peripheral of intelligence a fringe of instinct survives which helps us to understand the essence of life. This means that at the boundaries of intelligence a border of instinct is present. His concept is that instinct is the primary factor whereas intelligence is the secondary factor. Instinct comes in first and then the intelligence, this is why instinct came first in all living organisms but then some of the organisms further evolved. Hence because of this evolution they can then be differentiated as animals – with instinct whereas humans – with instinct and then with intelligence (after evolution). Comparing this with Darwin’s theory it can be said that he had no concept of the two tendencies hence focused on the concept of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest†. According to him there exists no such tendencies which helps us to lead our lives, instead there is this concept of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† where only those species survives that are open to changes, open to use available resources and can fit in the present environment whereas others are there to die. An example could be of the movie Ice Age where all the animals in that movie do not further exist instead they have evolved (the mammoth have now evolved as elephants). The point of Bergson in this comparison can be concluded as there is a little bit of instinct surviving within each intelligent being, making it to coincide with the life force. This partial coincidence is what found ‘Intuition’. The fourth comparison in actual is not a comparison because it is just a one sided difference. Here Bergson puts forward his view and connects it with his previous point of tendencies, that combined result of instinct and intellect is â€Å"intuition†. Through intuition, an individual understands the difference between ‘order’ and ‘disorder’. Intuition means gut feeling, sometimes known as the 6th sense. Bergson says that our way of perceiving and knowing this world when based on the need for living is then an obstacle. To this obstacle he gives the name ‘Idea of Disorder’. This idea consists of three notions: 1. Order: things happening according to our needs and wants 2. Disorder: simply the order we are not looking for. Although this order may be correct for others but for us it is not happening according to what we want. 3. Nothingness: things that exist in space but we do not consider them to be as existing because it had never been our need. To this point of Bergson there is no comparing point of Darwin because he never came to the point of intuition. His theory stopped at the notions of ‘Natural Selection’ and ‘Survival of the Fittest’. LETTER TO HAROLD HOFFDING: Henri Bergson in one of his letter to Harold Hoff ding which was published in his book key writings said that â€Å"someone who gets a complete grasp on the creative evolution would never then believe on the process of mechanism because in that time is useless†. CRITICS: Although Bergson made his ideas attractive with analogies and poetic metaphors he did not support them with rational arguments. He left them to the readers to understand it themselves on their level of intuition. Furthermore, his critics complained that his ideas did not stand up very well to logical analysis. His defenders replied by saying that he possessed all these characteristics in common with the best creative writers, and that this was because he was offering insights rather than logical arguments. REFERENCES: * www. google. com * www. googleimages. com * www. stanfordencyclopediaofphilosophy. com (plato. stanford. edu) * www. dictionary. references. com * Key Writings – Henri Bergson (continuum) * Modern Philosophy by Bertrand Russell * History of Western Philosophers * 20th Century Philosophy How to cite Henri Bergson, Papers

Middle ages free essay sample

They lasted to about A. D. 1400 and are referenced to as a period of time that experienced violence by Barbaric invasion, feudalism, disease, and strong feelings for faith. The Dark Ages, the Age of Feudalism and the Age of Faith are all appropriate titles, however the label that best fits is the Age of Faith because of the political, economic and social influence the church held. The middle ages are often identified as the Dark Age because of the Black Death, invasions by the Barbarians, and because of lack of enlightenment for the common people. A plague most likely originating from Asia spread throughout Europe. Towns and even large cities had no garbage collection or a sewage system and this caused the crowded towns to become filthy and attract rats (OI). The Black Death caused social unrest and people pondered what was going on; many believed that God was punishing them while others claimed the Jews were to blame. We will write a custom essay sample on Middle ages or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the Black Death overtaking the lives of everyone there were not many achievements or educational advancements during this time as all focus was on trying to get through the plague. After the fall of the Roman Empire there was no stable centralized government in Rome. Different Barbarian civilizations began invasions in Europe. According to historian Frantz Funk-Brentano they raided and destroyed villages and left the people in terror. Brentano also said that to avoid the violence people tried to abandon their fields. Churches and entire towns were burned down; the town of Dordrecht was burned down by Barbarian tribes such as the Vikings triggered chaos. This caused people to abandon their lifestyles and that meant a decline in trade, which brought down the economy. During this period of time most people were illiterate and they did not go to school. Instead they learned different skills and jobs from their parents, apprenticeships, and the guild system. One of the few ways to become educated was to join the clergy where Priests and Monks would learn Latin. It took dedication to become a part of the clergy, A Brother taking his monastic vows had to renounce everyone he knew and everything he had including his free will (Doc. 8). Not everyone was able to become a part of the clergy so they were reliant on these people to share the word of God from them. The Dark Ages had negative impact because the increased reliance on the church gave them even more power, and this challenged Kings and created potential political tension. During the middle ages the lack of protection and a stable government after the Fall of Rome created the need for a new political system. Feudalism was the political system that emerged and shaped the lives of people socially and politically. Manors were small communities that were made up of a castle, church, village, and land for farming. The structured society provided a place and responsibility for everyone. The feudal obligations showed that in exchange for one thing they would be provided with something else. Serfs and peasants would work and produce goods for the rest of the manor and in return had their land and promised protection. The vassals would need to obtain land from the Lord and in return would provide the Lord with military service, loyalty, and ransom if asked for. To make clear the vassal’s specific allegiance to their lord whom they owed in for exchange for their fief they would take the Homage Oath (Doc. 2). This interdependent system required everyone to do their part and it created social classes that they were born into. Their daily lives were centered on the manor and that was how it stayed until towns began to grow into cities after the crusades. Feudalism had positive bearings because it was the solution for decentralized government and lack of protection but also held people back due to lack of social mobility. The Age of Faith is most accurate for describing the Middle Ages because of the political, social and economic influence the church held. Feudalism was still not providing one united central government but instead many small ones and so the church gained a governmental authority over Western Europe. People were all working to try to get into Heaven, and because of that there was a lot of control over telling people what to do. The church could excommunicate people and even Kings if they felt that they were refusing to comply (OI). This gave the church power over the Kings because they controlled who would not be allowed to return to the church; if someone were excommunicated they would not be able to reach Heaven. At the time the bible was written in Latin, which only could be read to the common people by a clergy member who could explain what was written. With the reliance on the church the pope’s words and explanations were taken as God’s. The Truce of God stated different peace agreements, which they enforced by exerting their power and influence (Doc. 5). The Crusades were a major part of this because the church declared to try to capture the Holy land. Pope Urban II called for people to join the Holy Crusade and persuaded them by saying that those who agreed to fight during the crusades were promised entrance into heaven and forgiveness of sins (Doc. 9). This was the beginning of economic expansion because the crusaders became accustomed with the culture and goods. Trade opened up and port/merchant cities developed. Church also dominated sectors of society such as architecture, which began to grow because during the age of Faith having a Cathedral gave a town an identity. Gothic Cathedrals had dramatic features and stood out in height and important in comparison to other structures in the towns (Doc. 10). The church also issued a tithe tax, which was 1/10 of a person’s income to go towards building churches, monasteries, convents, and universities (OI). The Church’s control and influence over Western Europe was sometimes used for corrupt purposes and persuasion but that was not only the case because it brought prosperity to the economy. The Middle Ages can also be stated as the Age of Faith because the main center of attention and one’s purpose in life was to serve God and live righteously. More than one title can be assigned to the Middle Ages due to the overlapping of events but the Age of Faith applied almost continuously to the lives of people throughout the Middle Ages while other labels such as the Dark Age and the Age of Feudalism represented certain periods of it.